In a world where cyber threats transcend borders, Mexico finds itself under siege from devastating cyberattacks traced to a private hacking group operating in Vietnam. After failed diplomatic efforts, Mexican authorities capture key hackers in an international sting operation—only to uncover intelligence of an imminent large-scale attack. Acting swiftly, Mexico launches a drone strike on the hackers’ headquarters, injuring civilians and triggering a diplomatic crisis. Was Mexico justified in its actions under international law, or did it violate Vietnam’s sovereignty? Can cyberattacks justify anticipatory self-defense? Keeping to this year’s theme, “Cybersecurity in the 21st Century: Navigating Global Alliances in an Ever-Changing World of Artificial Intelligence”, this case challenges participants to navigate the evolving legal landscape of territorial sovereignty, the protective principle, and self-defense in cyberspace.